IMMUNE AGING AND SERIOUS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ELDERLY IN COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53612/recisatec.v1i5.53Keywords:
COVID-19, Immunosenescence, InflammagingAbstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, is mild to moderate in most healthy precedents, but can cause life-threatening illnesses or persistent debilitating symptoms in some cases. The severity of COVID-19 is related to age, with an obligation over 65 years of age, greater risk of needing intensive care. This is a descriptive, exploratory, integrative literature review, with the aim of explaining the current knowledge about the interference of the immunosenescence process in more severe conditions caused by covid-19 in the elderly. Aging is a systemic involution, including the immune system, affecting the individual with several comorbidities, including cardiac, pulmonary and neurological comorbidities that aggravate the situation of vulnerability. Aging is triggered by several mechanisms, among the most relevant are telomere reduction and oxidative stress, which in turn lead to other scenarios such as T-cell senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction and low-grade chronic inflammation, which are added to the mechanism of action of the virus that causes COVID-19, as its key-lock factor involving ACE-2, which has a change in expression during aging, portraying the interferences of this scenario, if not in contact with the major covid-19, which contributes to seriousness in the elderly .
Downloads
References
BRODIN, Petter. Immune determinants of COVID-19 disease presentation and severity. Nature Medicine, v. 27, n. 1, p. 28-33, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-01202-8
BUDAMAGUNTA, Vivekananda; FOSTER, Thomas C.; ZHOU, Daohong. Cellular senescence in lymphoid organs and immunosenescence. Aging (Albany NY), v. 13, n. 15, p. 19920, 2021.. Published online 2021 Aug 15; 13(15): 19920–19941. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.203405
CHEN, Nanshan et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The lancet, v. 395, n. 10223, p. 507-513, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
CHEN, Yu; LIU, Qianyun; GUO, Deyin. Coronavírus emergentes: estrutura do genoma, replicação e patogênese. Journal of medical virology , v. 92, n. 4, pág. 418-423, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681
CODO AC, DAVANZO GG, MONTEIRO LB, de SOUZA GF, et al. Elevated glucose levels favor SARS-CoV-2 infection and monocyte response through a HIF-1α/glycolysis-dependent axis. Cell metabolism, v. 32, n. 3, p. 437-446. e5, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3606770
CHEN G, WU D, GUO W, et al. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. The Journal of clinical investigation, v. 130, n. 5, p. 2620-2629, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI137244
DELGADO-ROCHE, Livan; MESTA, Fernando. Oxidative stress as key player in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection. Archives of medical research, v. 51, n. 5, p. 384-387, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.019
DUTTA, Sourav; DAS, Nilanjana; MUKHERJEE, Piyali. Picking up a fight: Fine tuning mitochondrial innate immune defenses against RNA viruses. Frontiers in microbiology, v. 11, p. 1990, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01990
DESHMUKH V, TRIPATHI SC, PANDEY A, DESHMUKH V, VYKOUKAL J, PATIL A, SONTAKKE B. COVID-19: a conundrum to decipher. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020 May; 24(10): 58305841.doi:10.26355/eurrev_202005_21378. PMID: 32495923. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004.0019.v2
FROIDURE A, MAHIEU M, HOTON D, et al. Short telomeres increase the risk of severe COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY), v. 12, n. 20, p. 19911, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.104097
GEISS, B. Older People Are at More Risk from COVID-19 Because of How the immune System Ages. Disponível em https://theconversation.com/older-people-are-at-more-risk-from-covid-19-because-of-how-the-immune-system-ages-133899 Acesso em 30.10.2021.
MEFTAHI, G. H., JANGRAVI, Z., SAHRAEI, H., BAHARI, Z. The possible pathophysiology mechanism of cytokine storm in elderly adults with COVID-19 infection: the contribution of “inflame-aging”. Inflammation Research, v. 69, n. 9, p. 825-839, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-020-01372-8
HOLSHUE ML, DEBOLT C, LINDQUIST S, LOFY KH, WIESMAN J, BRUCE H, SPITTERS C, ERICSON K, WILKERSON S, TURAL A, DIAZ G, COHN A, FOX L, PATEL A, GERBER SI, KIM L, TONG S, LU X, LINDSTROM S, PALLANSCH MA, WELDON WC, BIGGS HM, UYEKI TM, PILLAI SK; Washington State 2019-nCoV Case Investigation Team. First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine. v. 382, n.10 p.929-936, 2020 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191
HOFFMANN M, KLEINE-WEBER H, SCHROEDER S, KRÜGER N, HERRLER T, ERICHSEN S, SCHIERGENS TS, HERRLER G, WU NH, NITSCHE A, MÜLLER MA, DROSTEN C, PÖHLMANN S. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. cell, v. 181, n. 2, p. 271-280. e8, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
HUANG C, WANG Y, LI X, REN L, ZHAO J, HU Y, ZHANG L, FAN G, XU J, GU X, CHENG Z, YU T, XIA J, WEI Y, WU W, XIE X, YIN W, LI H, LIU M, XIAO Y, GAO H, GUO L, XIE J, WANG G, JIANG R, GAO Z, JIN Q, WANG J, CAO B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet, v. 395, n. 10223, p. 497-506, 2020. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
CHAN JF, YUAN S, KOK KH, TO KK, CHU H, YANG J, XING F, LIU J, YIP CC, POON RW, TSOI HW, LO SK, CHAN KH, POON VK, CHAN WM, IP JD, CAI JP, CHENG VC, CHEN H, HUI CK, YUEN KY. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The lancet, v. 395, n. 10223, p. 514-523, 2020. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9
KISS, Tamas et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies senescent cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells in the aged mouse brain. Geroscience, v. 42, n. 2, p. 429-444, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-020-00177-1
KHAN M, ADIL SF, ALKHATHLAN HZ, TAHIR MN, SAIF S, KHAN M, KHAN ST. COVID-19: a global challenge with old history, epidemiology and progress so far. Molecules, v. 26, n. 1, p. 39, 2021. doi: 10.3390/molecules26010039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010039
LAGUNAS‐RANGEL, Francisco Alejandro; CHÁVEZ‐VALENCIA, Venice. High IL‐6/IFN‐γ ratio could be associated with severe disease in COVID‐19 patients. Journal of Medical Virology, 2020. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25900. Apr 16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25900
LIN L., LU L., CAO W., LI T. Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection–a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia. Emerging microbes & infections, v. 9, n. 1, p. 727-732, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1746199
LI B, FENG F, YANG G, LIU A, YANG N, JIANG Q, et al. Immunoglobulin G/M and Cytokines Detections in Continuous Sera from Patients with Novel Coronaviruses (2019-nCoV) Infection. (2020). 10.2139/ssrn.3543609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3543609
LI H, XIANG X, REN H, XU L, ZHAO L, CHEN X, et al.. Serum Amyloid A is a biomarker of severe Coronavirus Disease and poor prognosis. Journal of Infection, v. 80, n. 6, p. 646-655, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.035
LIAN J, YUE Y, YU W, ZHANG Y. Immunosenescence: a key player in cancer development. Journal of Hematology & Oncology, v. 13, n. 1, pág. 1-18, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-020-00986-z
LI S, WANG Y, XUE J, ZHAO N, ZHU T. The Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic Declaration on Psychological Consequences: A Study on Active Weibo Users. International journal of environmental research and public health, v.17 n.6:2032, 2020. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17062032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
LIPPI, Giuseppe; PLEBANI, Mario. Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), v. 58, n. 7, p. 1131-1134, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0198
MORENO FERNÁNDEZ-AYALA DJ, NAVAS P, LÓPEZ-LLUCH G. Age-related mitochondrial dysfunction as a key factor in COVID-19 disease. Experimental gerontology, v. 142:111147, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2020.111147
MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE. Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde – SCTIE. Covid-19: diretrizes para diagnóstico e tratamento de pacientes [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde. Disponível em: https://saude.rs.gov.br/upload/arquivos/202004/14140600-2-ms-diretrizes-covid-v2-9-4.pdf Acesso em 30.10.2021.
MUÑOZ-ESPÍN, Daniel; SERRANO, Manuel. Cellular senescence: from physiology to pathology. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, v. 15, n. 7, p. 482-496, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3823
NATARAJAN, Venkateswaran et al. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Age‐Related Metabolic Disorders. Proteomics, v. 20, n. 5-6, p. 1800404, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201800404
PIETROBON, Anna Julia; TEIXEIRA, Franciane Mouradian Emidio; SATO, Maria Notomi. I mmunosenescence and inflammaging: risk factors of severe COVID-19 in older people. Frontiers in immunology, v. 11, 2020.doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.579220
QU R, LING Y, ZHANG YH, WEI LY, CHEN X, LI XM, LIU XY, LIU HM, GUO Z, REN H, WANG Q. Platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio is associated with prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease‐19. Journal of medical virology, v. 92, n. 9, p. 1533-1541, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25767
RABAAN AA, AL-AHMED SH, HAQUE S, SAH R, TIWARI R, MALIK YS, DHAMA K, YATOO MI, BONILLA-ALDANA DK, RODRIGUEZ-MORALES AJ. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-COV: a comparative overview. Infez Med, v. 28, n. 2, p. 174-184, 2020.
RIVELLESE F, PREDILETTO E, RIVELLESE F, PREDILETTO E. ACE2 at the centre of COVID-19 from paucisymptomatic infections to severe pneumonia. Autoimmunity reviews, v. 19, n. 6, p. 102536, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102536
SANZ, J. Monserrat; LAHOZ, AM Gómez; MARTÍN, R. Oliva. Papel del sistema inmune en la infección por el SARS-CoV-2: inmunopatología de la COVID-19. Medicine-Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado, v. 13, n. 33, p. 1917-1931, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.med.2021.05.005
SHARMA, A.; AHMAD FAROUK, I.; LAL, S. K. COVID-19: a review on the novel coronavirus disease evolution, transmission, detection, control and prevention. Viruses. 2021; 13 (2): 202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020202
SHEMIAKOVA T. Mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage in the context of pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Biomedicines, v. 8, n. 6, p. 166, 2020. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines8060166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8060166
STEFAN N., BIRKENFELD AL, SCHULZE MB, LUDWIG DS. Obesidade e saúde metabólica prejudicada em pacientes com COVID-19. Nature Reviews Endocrinology , v. 16, n. 7, pág. 341-342, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-020-0364-6
TAY MZ, POH CM, RÉNIA L, MACARY PA, NG LFP. The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol, v. 20 n. 6, pág. 363-374, 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
UYAR, Bora et al. Single-cell analyses of aging, inflammation and senescence. Ageing research reviews, p. 101156, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101156
XU W, WONG G, HWANG Y, LARBI A The untwining of immunosenescence and aging. Seminars in Immunopathology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, v. 42, p. 1-14, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-020-00824-x
YANG Y, SHEN C, LI J, et al. Plasma IP-10 and MCP-3 levels are highly associated with disease severity and predict the progression of COVID-19. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, v. 146, n. 1, p. 119-127. e4, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.027
ZHAO, Yangjing; SHAO, Qixiang; PENG, Guangyong. Exhaustion and senescence: two crucial dysfunctional states of T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Cellular & molecular immunology, v. 17, n. 1, p. 27-35, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-019-0344-8
Zhou Y, Fu B, Zheng X, Wang D, Zhao C, Y. qi R, et al. Aberrant pathogenic GM-CSF + T cells and inflammatory CD14 + CD16 +monocytes in severe pulmonary syndrome patients of a new coronavirus. Biorxiv, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.12.945576
ZHAO C, ZHAO W. NLRP3 inflammasome-a key player in antiviral responses. Front. Immunol, v. 11 pág. 211, 2020. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00211
ZARBAFIAN, Misha; DAYAN, Steven; FABI, Sabrina G. Teachings from COVID‐19 and aging—An oxidative process. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, v. 19, n. 12, p. 3171-3176, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13751
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W; A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England journal of medicine, v. 382 n. 8, pág: 727-733, 2020. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2021 RECISATEC - SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Os direitos autorais dos artigos/resenhas/TCCs publicados pertecem à revista RECISATEC, e seguem o padrão Creative Commons (CC BY 4.0), permitindo a cópia ou reprodução, desde que cite a fonte e respeite os direitos dos autores e contenham menção aos mesmos nos créditos. Toda e qualquer obra publicada na revista, seu conteúdo é de responsabilidade dos autores, cabendo a RECISATEC apenas ser o veículo de divulgação, seguindo os padrões nacionais e internacionais de publicação.
